![]() Application of immune checkpoint blockade can help dampen the ligands expressed on cancer cells, reverse the exhaustion status of effector T cells, and reinvigorate the antitumor function. Unfortunately, cancer cells can mimic the ligands of immune checkpoints to evade immune surveillance. The inhibitory regulators, known as immune checkpoints, prevent overreaction of the immune system, avoid normal tissue damage, and maintain immune homeostasis during the antimicrobial or antiviral immune response. 5Department of Pathology and Electron Microscopy Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. ![]() 4Department of Oncology, Chifeng City Hospital, Chifeng, China.3Department of Gynecology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China.2Department of Pathology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China. ![]()
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